17.Swift Enumerates & Structs & Classes

依旧是复习。新点只有一个递归枚举和关键字 indirect。

枚举类型、结构体、类

这三个放一起。

枚举类型

复习内容。

enum SomeEnumeration {
    // enumeration definition goes here
}

enum CompassPoint {
    case north
    case south
    case east
    case west
}

enum Planet {
    case mercury, venus, earth, mars, jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune
}

赋值一个枚举类型实例对象。类型如果可以被推测出来，可以省略枚举类型主体。

var directionToHead = CompassPoint.west

directionToHead = .east

用 Switch 处理枚举类型。

directionToHead = .south
switch directionToHead {
case .north:
    print("Lots of planets have a north")
case .south:
    print("Watch out for penguins")
case .east:
    print("Where the sun rises")
case .west:
    print("Where the skies are blue")
}
// Prints "Watch out for penguins"

遍历枚举类型需要几个步骤。首先要扩展 CaseIterable 协议。这样枚举类型会多出几个方法。然后使用 .allCases 进行遍历。

enum Beverage: CaseIterable {
    case coffee, tea, juice
}
let numberOfChoices = Beverage.allCases.count
print("\(numberOfChoices) beverages available")
// Prints "3 beverages available"

for beverage in Beverage.allCases {
    print(beverage)
}
// coffee
// tea
// juice

枚举类型可以有关联值。

enum Barcode {
    case upc(Int, Int, Int, Int)
    case qrCode(String)
}

var productBarcode = Barcode.upc(8, 85909, 51226, 3)

productBarcode = .qrCode("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP")

用 Switch 处理这些关联值。

switch productBarcode {
case .upc(let numberSystem, let manufacturer, let product, let check):
    print("UPC: \(numberSystem), \(manufacturer), \(product), \(check).")
case .qrCode(let productCode):
    print("QR code: \(productCode).")
}
// Prints "QR code: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP."

变量比较多时 let 需要写很多次，比较麻烦。可以按下面简写。

switch productBarcode {
case let .upc(numberSystem, manufacturer, product, check):
    print("UPC : \(numberSystem), \(manufacturer), \(product), \(check).")
case let .qrCode(productCode):
    print("QR code: \(productCode).")
}
// Prints "QR code: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP."

储存原始值。

enum ASCIIControlCharacter: Character {
    case tab = "\t"
    case lineFeed = "\n"
    case carriageReturn = "\r"
}

enum Planet: Int {
    case mercury = 1, venus, earth, mars, jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune
}

enum CompassPoint: String {
    case north, south, east, west
}

let earthsOrder = Planet.earth.rawValue
// earthsOrder is 3

let sunsetDirection = CompassPoint.west.rawValue
// sunsetDirection is "west"

let possiblePlanet = Planet(rawValue: 7)
// possiblePlanet is of type Planet? and equals Planet.uranus


let positionToFind = 11
if let somePlanet = Planet(rawValue: positionToFind) {
    switch somePlanet {
    case .earth:
        print("Mostly harmless")
    default:
        print("Not a safe place for humans")
    }
} else {
    print("There isn't a planet at position \(positionToFind)")
}
// Prints "There isn't a planet at position 11"

递归枚举是一个枚举类型的 case 的关联值是自身的一个实例，需要提示关键词 indirect 告诉编译器递归枚举。下面两种写法都可以。注意关键词的位置。

enum ArithmeticExpression {
    case number(Int)
    indirect case addition(ArithmeticExpression, ArithmeticExpression)
    indirect case multiplication(ArithmeticExpression, ArithmeticExpression)
}

indirect enum ArithmeticExpression {
    case number(Int)
    case addition(ArithmeticExpression, ArithmeticExpression)
    case multiplication(ArithmeticExpression, ArithmeticExpression)
}

对这个枚举的一个应用。

let five = ArithmeticExpression.number(5)
let four = ArithmeticExpression.number(4)
let sum = ArithmeticExpression.addition(five, four)
let product = ArithmeticExpression.multiplication(sum, ArithmeticExpression.number(2))

func evaluate(_ expression: ArithmeticExpression) -> Int {
    switch expression {
    case let .number(value):
        return value
    case let .addition(left, right):
        return evaluate(left) + evaluate(right)
    case let .multiplication(left, right):
        return evaluate(left) * evaluate(right)
    }
}

print(evaluate(product))
// Prints "18"

结构体和类

复习内容。

struct SomeStructure {
    // structure definition goes here
}
class SomeClass {
    // class definition goes here
}

struct Resolution {
    var width = 0
    var height = 0
}
class VideoMode {
    var resolution = Resolution()
    var interlaced = false
    var frameRate = 0.0
    var name: String?
}

let someResolution = Resolution()
let someVideoMode = VideoMode()

print("The width of someResolution is \(someResolution.width)")
// Prints "The width of someResolution is 0"

print("The width of someVideoMode is \(someVideoMode.resolution.width)")
// Prints "The width of someVideoMode is 0"

someVideoMode.resolution.width = 1280
print("The width of someVideoMode is now \(someVideoMode.resolution.width)")
// Prints "The width of someVideoMode is now 1280"

按成员初始化一个结构体。

let vga = Resolution(width: 640, height: 480)

枚举类型和结构体传递值，而类传递引用。

enum CompassPoint {
    case north, south, east, west
    mutating func turnNorth() {
        self = .north
    }
}
var currentDirection = CompassPoint.west
let rememberedDirection = currentDirection
currentDirection.turnNorth()

print("The current direction is \(currentDirection)")
print("The remembered direction is \(rememberedDirection)")
// Prints "The current direction is north"
// Prints "The remembered direction is west"

let tenEighty = VideoMode()
tenEighty.resolution = hd
tenEighty.interlaced = true
tenEighty.name = "1080i"
tenEighty.frameRate = 25.0

let alsoTenEighty = tenEighty
alsoTenEighty.frameRate = 30.0

print("The frameRate property of tenEighty is now \(tenEighty.frameRate)")
// Prints "The frameRate property of tenEighty is now 30.0"

用类似 JS 的三等号操作符判断 2 个对象是否引用同一个对象。

if tenEighty === alsoTenEighty {
    print("tenEighty and alsoTenEighty refer to the same VideoMode instance.")
}
// Prints "tenEighty and alsoTenEighty refer to the same VideoMode instance."

相关

16.Swift Closures

18.Swift Properties and Methods